https://journals.rcmss.com/index.php/ijcbem en-US INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CAPACITY BUILDING IN EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT https://journals.rcmss.com/index.php/ijcbem/article/view/1275 <p><em>The relationship between tertiary institutions and their host communities plays a pivotal role in fostering mutual development, peaceful co-existence, and sustainable social integration. This study explores the dynamics of school–community relations between The Federal Polytechnic, Idah, and its host communities-Ojuwo-Afu, Ogbogbo, Owowo, Okpete, Otobo, and Oko-Ikeke focusing on the underlying factors that challenge peaceful co-existence. Drawing on qualitative data through interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary analysis, the research identifies key issues such as land disputes, youth restiveness, poor communication, lack of corporate social responsibility, and unmet community expectations as major sources of tension. The study also examines the roles of traditional institutions, community leaders, and the school management in managing these challenges. Findings reveal that the absence of structured dialogue platforms and mutual trust contributes significantly to recurring conflicts and strained relations. The paper concludes by recommending inclusive engagement mechanisms, community development partnerships, and regular dialogue forums to promote understanding and a harmonious relationship between the Polytechnic and its host communities. The study contributes to the discourse on institutional-community engagement in Nigeria and offers practical insights for policy reform and peace building at the local level.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Adejoh Reuben Grace Iye Apeh Copyright (c) 2025 Authors 2025-10-02 2025-10-02 7 5 1 17 https://journals.rcmss.com/index.php/ijcbem/article/view/1280 <p><em>This work examined how despite the importance of marketing mix elements, many traders in Kaura Namoda continue to rely on informal and uncoordinated practices. This has led to product shortages, inconsistent distribution, limited promotional activities, and weak customer retention, thereby restricting market growth and competitiveness. The study specifically aimed to (i) evaluate the influence of distribution strategies on customers’ buying behaviour, and (ii) assess the effect of promotional activities on customers’ patronage and loyalty in Kaura Namoda markets. The study adopted a survey research design, collecting data from traders and consumers in Kaura Namoda markets using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships between distribution strategies, promotional activities, and consumer behaviour. Findings revealed that distribution strategies have a positive and significant influence on customers’ buying behaviour. Products that are easily accessible and consistently available encourage higher purchase frequency and stronger patronage. Similarly, promotional activities such as discounts, bonuses, advertising, and personal selling were found to significantly influence both short-term patronage and long-term customer loyalty. The study recommends that traders in Kaura Namoda should widen distribution channels to ensure steady product availability in both urban and rural markets for greater customer convenience and that marketing campaigns should use local radio, community events, social media, and personal selling to strengthen customer trust and loyalty.</em></p> <p><em>&nbsp;</em></p> Ikebuaso Benson Copyright (c) 2025 Author 2025-10-22 2025-10-22 7 5 18 34